Welcome to Xinjiang!
Xinjiang (officially Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, Uyghur: شىنجاڭ, Chinese: 新疆维吾尔自治区) is located in the North West of China, in the Mongolian Uplands. It is on the traditional Silk Road. The region has historically been populated by numerous Muslim ethnic groups, most notably the Uyghurs, a Turkic people more closely related to those in Central Asia than to the Han, however, in the 20th century, there was significant Han migration into Xinjiang. Today the Han form the majority of the population in the north while the south and west remain predominantly Uyghur. Mandarin has become the primary language used in Urumqi and many other northern cities (although Uyghur is still an official language in the region). This has resulted in ethnic and religious clashes and tension in the area, and an active Uyghur independence movement.
Besides the Uyghurs, Xinjiang is also the traditional homeland of many other ethnic minorities such as the Tatars, Mongols, Kazakhs, Uzbeks and Xibe, making it arguably China's most culturally diverse province.
Starting around 2017, in response to several terrorist attacks by Uyghur separatists, the Chinese government has clamped down severely in the region, subjecting it to extreme forms of digital surveillance and arresting large numbers of people for religious and ethnic activities.
Xinjiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) and formerly romanized as Sinkiang, is a landlocked autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country close to Central Asia. Being the largest province-level division of China and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over 1.6 million square kilometres (620,000 sq mi) and has about 25 million inhabitants. Xinjiang borders the countries of Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. The rugged Karakoram, Kunlun and Tian Shan mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. The Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract regions, both administered by China, are claimed by India. Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. The most well-known route of the historic Silk Road ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border.
It is home to a number of ethnic groups, including the Turkic Uyghur, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, the Han, Tibetans, Hui, Chinese Tajiks (Pamiris), Mongols, Russians and Sibe. There are more than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan, East Turkestan and East Turkistan. Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 9.7% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.With a documented history of at least 2,500 years, a succession of people and empires have vied for control over all or parts of this territory. The territory came under the rule of the Qing dynasty in the 18th century, later replaced by the Republic of China government. Since 1949 and the Chinese Civil War, it has been part of the People's Republic of China. In 1954, the Xinjiang Bingtuan (XPCC) was set up to strengthen border defense against the Soviet Union and also promote the local economy by settling soldiers into the region. In 1955, Xinjiang was administratively changed from a province into an autonomous region. In recent decades, abundant oil and mineral reserves have been found in Xinjiang and it is currently China's largest natural gas-producing region.
From the 1990s to the 2010s, the East Turkestan independence movement, separatist conflict and the influence of radical Islam have resulted in unrest in the region with occasional terrorist attacks and clashes between separatist and government forces. These conflicts have prompted the Chinese government to set up internment camps in the region, reportedly attempting to force its Muslim population to abandon the faith through thought reform. These measures have been collectively categorized as the Uyghur genocide by some observers.